The Life Of A Poet ! Essays - John Keats, Fanny Brawne,

The Life Of A Poet ! John Keats The life of a poet! Katrina Bartlett English per.2 May, 31 2000 pg. 1 He started at the pacific. All his men/looked at each other with a wild surmise--/silent, upon a peak in Darien?; ?Beauty is truth, truth Beauty, --that is all/ ye know on earth, and all ye need to know?; The author of these and many other lines fixed permanently in the shared consciousness of those who speak English, John Keats was an extremely unlikely candidate for poetic immortality. Born into a working-class family two centuries ago. Orphaned in childhood, his work was subjected to vicious attacks by established literary critics, dead in his mid-twenties from tuberculosis, he overcame all obstacles, not only to write some of the finest poems in the language, but also to form, in the minds of millions of people. John Keats was born in London on October 31, 1795. The first child of Thomas Keats he was a livery-stable keeper. And his wife Frances (Jennings) Keats was a housewife. Three more sons were born one of whom died in infancy. A daughter was born to the couple before Thomas's death in April 1804 from a horse accident. With four very young children to care for. Frances married a man named William Rawlings in 1805. The marriage was not successful and when the couple separated in the following year she and her four children went to live with her mother. John Keats received his earliest education at a private school in Enfield run buy the Reverend John Clarke. Among his classmates was the headmaster's son, Charles Cowden clarke. Who would be his lifelong friend. Keats's mother died of tuberculosis in February 1810, and in 1811 he was taken out of school and apprenticed to Thomas Hammond, a surgeon at Edmonton hospital. It was during this time that he began to read poetry seriously and to write it himself. His apprenticeship ended by mutual consent in 1815, and Keats went to London to study medicine at the joint school of St. Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals. In July 1816, he passed his examination as an apothecary, and worked until April of the next year as a medical practitioner. Keats's first volume entitled simply Poems was published in March 1817 and failed to attract much notice beyond a favorable review from Leigh Hunt. During that time Keats met Fanny Brawne, a young woman who throughout what appears to have been for him at least. Rather tormented relationship was to be the great love of his brief life and to whom he became engaged some time around the end of the year. By December 1818 when his brother Tom died of tuberculosis. On February 3, 1820 Keats had a coughing fit that led him to hemorrhage some dark arterial blood. With his medical training he recognized the gravity of the situation and he told his friend Charles Armitage Brown, ?That drop of blood is my death-warrant; I must die.? After another relapse in June 1820 Keats determined to go to Italy, from whose warmer and drier climate he hoped to find some relief of his suffering. On September 18, he sailed for Naples with a close friend the artist Joseph Severn. Keats never saw England or fanny again. The two men took lodgings in Rome, where severn loyally cared for Keats, who retained his gentle and uncomplaining nature until his death on February 23, 1821. He was not quite four months past his twenty-fifth birthday. In addition to his poetry Keats is the author of some of the most interesting letters by any literary figure. In their aesthetic theorizing, their insights into nature of the creative process and their constant display of a lovable and admirable personality, his letters not only complement his poetry but shows an intellectual grasp and penetration that is not always evident in the poems themselves. The life of Keats to some degree mythology by biographers and other enthusiasts has done as much as anything to fashion the popular image of the poet as a doomed and tortured soul. Scorned by an uncaring and pouring out his heart in spasms of unrequited love. And his work has likewise done much to shape the common

Article Related To Cultural Pluralism Example

Article Related To Cultural Pluralism Example Article Related To Cultural Pluralism – Book Report/Review Example Cultural pluralism and its realities 28 May Summary In the article, â€Å"Japanese International Female Experience of Discrimination, Prejudice, and Stereotypes,† Bonazzo and Wong (2007) examined the experiences of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes of Japanese students. They interviewed four Japanese international female college students who came from a predominantly white university. Findings showed that they experienced overt forms of discrimination and prejudice, stereotyping because they are Asian, stereotyping because they are Japanese, and they mainly coped with discrimination through avoidance. These participants were amazed that modern Americans had backward knowledge of and attitudes to Asians and the Japanese. Personal OpinionI believe that this article shows that racial prejudice and discrimination continue to exist in modern American society. The two kinds of stereotyping, both â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative,† hurt the prejudiced group. F or instance, the participants felt that as Asians, they were stereotyped as â€Å"overachievers.† This might create pressure on them, which will only stress them further, instead of inspiring them to study hard, or to demonstrate their individualities. Furthermore, what if they are not overachievers? What if some Japanese are actually gifted in sports and prefer being better in volleyball than getting A’s in school? Prejudice does nothing positive for these people, because we erase the ability for people to have identities that are separate from the stereotypes we ascribe to them. We cannot promote cultural pluralism in our lives, if we hold racial prejudice in our thinking and emotions. We should treat people as individuals and not assume that stereotypes apply to all.Relation to ClassThis article is related to our class and concepts, because it shows that racism exists in the United States. It comes from prejudice about people, which are preconceived judgments about people with similar characteristics. Prejudice can result to hidden or overt discrimination, both of which are bad for society, because they divide people, instead of motivating them to interact with one another. Discrimination can also be physically and/or emotionally damaging. People who discriminate turn into bullies who hurt the â€Å"other.† They are also harmed because they do not take advantage of diversity, such as learning from these differences. People who experience discrimination are particularly harmed, because they feel threatened and anxious. They are forced to acts of silence or violence, because discrimination demeans their identities. This article, hence, portrays the concepts of prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping, which are attitudes that do not co-exist with a culturally pluralistic society. ReferenceBonazzo, C. & Wong, Y.J. (2007). Japanese international female students experience of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes. College Student Jou rnal, 41 (3), 631-639.

Peter Bogatyrev Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peter Bogatyrev - Essay Example Central Points of Readings Peter Bogatyrev (1971) has wrote a monograph describing the relationship between traditional dresses with certain characteristics of people wearing that, Place of the Wearer Bogatyrev described 28 costume districts on the basis of which people belonging to particular area can be recognized. Further he has illustrated two examples: Man from Pozlovice would wear two velvet bands round his hat and two carmine ribbons with green one between them while man from Biskupice would wear only one velvet band and a red ribbon. Social Class of wearer Bogatyrev described that occupation and social class of a person in traditional wearing can be identified with his wearing. E.g. magistrate wears boot, peasants wear black or coarse white breeches etc. Marital Status of Wearer: Mutinee-Novorany district unmarried man wore hats and narrow rims and red and white ribbons while married men would widen the rim and wear a broad gold band. The paper further describes that the deno tive â€Å"languages of dresses† no longer existing in the modern age apart from the uniforms wore by people in particular industry. For instance uniform of cabin crew of particular airline, uniforms of military and police and others. These uniforms also indicate the level of employment like uniform of officer will be different from the other crew member or uniform of pilot will be different. There are various factors of uniform indicating various things. Factors like fabric, color, types of garments and others indicate the origin of the company.

Customer Satisfaction of AVIS Rent Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Customer Satisfaction of AVIS Rent - Case Study Example According to Preis,   ‘High levels of customer satisfaction are important to marketers as both offensive and defensive tools and are capable of creating a lasting competitive advantage (2004). As earlier mentioned, Avis Rent a Car has been a leader in Customer Satisfaction in car rentals for almost a decade now; however, most of the studies are focused on how Avis perform in general and has not showed statistics on how each of the subsidiaries perform in the Avis ranking. Having this in mind, it is vital to measure how customers of different Avis rent a car system performs to satisfy their customers. Since Avis in United States, UK and Australia has found to be widely used by the customers who avail car rental services; it is essential to base this research on these three subsidiaries. With this in mind, the outcome of this research would primarily benefit the management of AVIS to evaluate the services offered by these subsidiaries and determine the contributing factors affe cting the rankings. This will help the management to aid the subsidiaries by applying services to other subsidiaries not only the countries mentioned but in other parts of the worlds with the services that has made the leading subsidiary excel in the ranking to determine the factors . †¢Ã‚  To measure Customer Satisfaction of Avis rent a car system in the United states, UK and Australia. †¢Ã‚  To compare these three subsidiaries in terms of ranking in Customer Satisfaction... The ranking is hypothesized to affect the general view on Avis rent a car system in Customer Satisfaction as it may lead to know the main contributor for its success as a leading brand in car rentals, The Main Aim of the Research: According to Preis, 'High levels of customer satisfaction are important to marketers as both offensive and defensive tools and are capable of creating a lasting competitive advantage (2004). As earlier mentioned, Avis Rent a Car has been a leader in Customer Satisfaction in car rentals for almost a decade now; however, most of the studies are focused on how Avis perform in general and has not showed statistics on how each of the subsidiaries perform in the Avis ranking. Having this in mind, it is vital to measure how customers of different Avis rent a car system performs to satisfy their customers. Since Avis in United States, UK and Australia has found to be widely used by the customers who avail car rental services; it is essential to base this research on these three subsidiaries. With this in mind, the outcome of this research would primarily benefit the management of AVIS to evaluate the services offered by these subsidiaries and determine the contributing factors affecting the rankings. This will help the management to aid the subsidiaries by applying services to other subsidiaries not only the countries mentioned but in other parts of the worlds with the services that has made the leading subsidiary excel in the ranking. Below specific aims will be addressed in the research: To measure Customer Satisfaction of Avis rent a car system in the United states, UK and Australia To compare these three subsidiaries in terms of ranking in Customer Satisfaction To determine the factors affecting the ranking; and To measure the

Absenteeism & Motivation Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Absenteeism & Motivation Theories - Essay Example employees are not only required to contribute to their level best in their organizations but also required to show loyalty to the place where they earn from, so in order to get maximum from them and in order to utilize their talents at best, motivation is playing a tough role, so that employees keep on moving in the right dimension, they should think and work for their achievements as well as the organization's achievement and they should not give up in life ever.Keeping in view the growing needs of employees there are so many motivational theories that have taken place in the present day organizations, a lot of employees get motivated using such theories, in this discussion we would be discussing few of these theories that are useful for the employees in the given case, the main concerns would be on Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, while other useful theory would be Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Both these theories work hand in hand for preventing stress and absenteeism in t he employees of organizations, mostly the stress has been found in financial institutions, yet many other industries have the employee issues. . McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y Theory X The assumption, which says that employees who dislike work are lazy, they dislike responsibility, and they must be coerced to perform well. This should be relatively more discussed in this case because either way the organization should be concerned with taking out work from the employees but it could be so wonderful if employees do not need any such dose and they somehow get shifted to Theory Y. Theory Y The assumption, which says that employees who love their work are creative, they seek responsibility and they can exercise self-direction. The organizations should try to bring their employees under this theory naturally and this is what we would be discussing. Douglas McGregor gave two different views of human beings, the first view is the negative view and is known as theory X, the other view is positive and is known as theory Y, the entire explanation of the theory says that the manager shows his or her behavior according to certain assumptions, the theory X would be the effective one here, as the employees are assumed to be forced to work, the four basic assumptions for theory X are, 1. Employees inherently dislike work and whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. 2. Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with, punishment to achieve goals. 3. Employee will avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible. 4. Most workers place security above all other factors associated with work and will display little ambition.Now lets have a look at the assumptions of theory Y that is not applicable in this case because of the fact that employees are not hardworking and not devoted to their work. But the organization has to bring them in this category. 1. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. 2. People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the objectives. 3. The average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility. 4. The ability to make innovative decisions is widely dispersed through out the population and is not necessarily the sole province

Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) Analysis

Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) Analysis The Anglo-American alliance during World War II (WWII) launched a series of strategic bombing campaigns against the Germans in what is now known as the Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO). The justness of the CBO is and has always been a controversial one, as some schools of thought see it as being just, and had as its primary objective the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system. Thus, undermining the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance was fatally weakened[1]. However, other schools argue the aim of the CBO should be unambiguously stated as the destruction of German cities, the killing of German workers, and the disruption of civilized life throughout Germany[2]. These bombing campaigns on German cities like Dresden, which led to deliberate mass killings or murder of civilians on a large scale by the CBO, is seen as unjust. The bombing of the German city of Dresden will be used as a case study to give a balanced analysis of the CBO in this essay as it is the most controversial. This essay will analyse both schools of thought, taking into consideration if the CBO met the elements of justice in war -Jus in Bello. Analysing the involvement of the Anglo-American alliance in the CBO and the bombing of Dresden during WWII by the principles of Jus in Bello military necessity, proportionality, discrimination and humanity; this essay will determine that the CBO against Germany was just. Jus in Bello has been used as criteria to analyse and determine the justness of CBO against due to the fact that the CBO was an act in the war, which has to be analysed in order to determine if the act of the CBO met the legal and ethical justness. The CBOs objective to attack the city of Dresdens industrial and economic system was a legitimate military necessity. The doctrine of military necessity, states an attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a legitimate military objective[3]. Looking at the CBO attack of Dresden from this perspective, it was a legitimate military necessity; because the bombing of the industrial centres and other targets of the economic system was crucial for the CBO in order to slow down the German war machine. The concept is known as the Industrial Web theory, which was developed by Sir Hugh Trenchard, Colonel Billy Mitchell and General Giulio Douhet. Boog et. al support this principle of military necessity as they argue that the Germans could best be eliminated by destroying her armaments industry and the result of that will be breaking the civilian populations will to resist[4]. However, critiques of the principle of military necessity have debated on its controversy, and a grey area on their minds is that of the justness of the CBO on Dresden. Their argument is that the attack on Dresden might be military necessity, but why was it ok for the CBO to kill non-combatants; also their argument is based on the fact that Dresden wasnt of any importance to the Germans. Michael Walzer gives a counter argument to this school of thought when he argues that military necessity supersedes the killing of civilians in a supreme emergency, and he uses Nazi Germany in WWII as an example of supreme emergency for Great Britain[5]. He goes on further to state that: if the situation is grave enough to justify killing or putting at risk ones own citizens to accomplish military objectives, then military necessity may also justify the same risk to other non-friendly non-combatants[6]. Further to that, the arguments of the critiques on the less importance of Dresden to the Germans at the time of the CBO are incorrect. The veracity of this argument is seen in the RAFs briefing notes to its Squadrons which attacked Dresden: Dresden has developed into an industrial city of first-class importanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ its multiplicity of telephones and rail facilities is of major value for controlling the defence of that part of the front now threatenedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The intentions of the attack are to hit the enemy where he will feel it most, behind an already partially collapsed frontà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[7] These justifies of the attack on Dresden, on the basis of military necessity, which, resulted in production in industries stopping. The bombing of Dresden was therefore not wanton but was justified by military necessity and it was also aiming at civilian morale[8], in order to slow down the German war machine. Jus in Bellos principle of proportionality is an area of contention used by critiques to analyse the unjustness of the CBO. Proportionality means avoiding needless destruction to achieve justified ends[9]. One school of thought argues that the firebombing in Dresden caused more destruction than was necessary. John V. Denson, in his book, Costs of War, supports this theory: it seems to me that the moment has come when the question of bombing of German cities simply for the sake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts, should be reviewedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied bombingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I feel the need for more precise concentration upon military objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. rather than on mere acts of terror and wanton destruction, however impressive[10]. Other schools have a different perception of what is proportional and hold that the CBO was proportional with the destruction of civilian targets in Dresden. Proportionality is a hard criterion to apply, as there is no ready way to establish an independent or stable view of values against which the destruction of war is to be measured[11]. The use of the firebombing in Dresden was proportional, despite the argument that sees it as not fulfilling Jus in Bello principle of proportionality. Michael Walzer, in his book supports the justness on the basis of proportionality when he says: it would be difficult to condemn soldiers for anything they did in the course of a battle or a war that they honestly believed, and had good reason to believe, was necessary, or important, or simply useful in determining the outcome[12]. The justness of this principle is the lack of technology at the time of the attack on Dresden, which was the best approach to be utilised at the time. Precision bombing had been used prior to that and it was impracticable, thus, area bombing had to be the means employed[13]. Moreover, with the bombing of Dresden, the Germans supplies of liquid fuels were eliminated with a far smaller cost in causality than would have been incurred had there been no resort to the bombing and destruction of the industrial capacity[14]. Discrimination is another principle which has been used in this essay to analyse how just the CBO on Germany in WWII was. Discrimination within Jus in Bello means avoiding direct and intentional harm to non-combatants[15]. Looking at the CBO based on this, it was a just act, as it did not set out with the intention of attacking and killing civilians. A.C. Grayling in his book argues that there is no such thing as putting non-combatants to the sword during the course of sacking their towns, as this is not classed as murder; for this is no less than their soldiers would do if matters were the other way round and they were sacking your town instead[16]. However, some school of thoughts hold that the attack on Dresden was a deliberate bombing of the civilian population, thus, makes the CBO unjust. They further support their argument that attacks on civilian populations have often happened in wars throughout history, but this fact does not amount to a justification of the practice; moreover, there are no acceptable circumstances in which killing civilians is allowed[17]. This essay argues in line with Douhet, an air power theorist that war as a national phenomenon, involves the totality of a nations activities and forces, and no longer organised forces alone; this is why the distinction between combatants and non-combatants are superseded[18] . The CBO, therefore, was against Germany and not the Nazi government, thus, all the Germans are classed as combatants. Thus, the principle of discrimination was respected and followed, as the CBOs main aim was to attack the enemys industry, and civilian casualties were an unavoidable side-effect[19] as was the case in Dresden. Jus in Bello principle of humanity, also shows how just the CBO against the Germans in WWII was. Humanity is defined as regulating the conduct of those involved in fighting as well as safeguarding human life and curbing the level of violence[20]. Critiques argue that the CBO was inhumane especially with the firebombing which caused untold pain and suffering to the population: it was a war of despair and mounting torments there were no signs that the bombings would lead to a collapse. It was incomprehensible how people struggled on.[21] They also hold that the wholesale destruction of German cities, Dresden foremost among them, could have been averted, even if attacks on urban rail centres had continued[22]. The above argument is flawed given that the degree of devastation suffered by the people of Dresden in the firestorm was an unfortunate weather condition, as prevailing wind helped, and did much of the damage and caused many of the deaths, and was not intended by the CBO, who, at the request of the Russians forces, had seen Dresden as an important choke-point for supplies and troops moving[23]. Further to that, the CBO was just, as it was humane as it shortened the war and prevented a lot more death and loses on both sides. Hasting in his book sums this humanity point when he states: we just wanted to get it over with if we could bring the end closer by dropping bombs on Germany that was fine by us[24]. In conclusion, the CBO was just, despite the controversies surrounding the bombing of Dresden, which others might see as an unjust and legally wrong act of the CBO which goes against Jus in Bello principle of proportionality. However, the principle of military necessity outweighs this school of thought as the German armament production figures continued to rise through much of 1944, and these would undoubtedly have been very much higher but for the effects of the bombing on both industry and workforce[25]. Thus, the CBO was a necessary and ethically just act, and attacks on industrial targets like supplies of fuel, which resorted to the bombing of industrial capacity[26] in order to slow down the Germans fighting edge. References Archives, The National Archives. The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 1933-45. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: United Kingdom, 2008. Bess, Michael. Choices Under Fire: Moral Dimensions of World War II. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2008. Biddle, Tami Davis. Rhetoric and REality in Air Warfare. New Jersy: Princeton University Press, 2002. Charles Guthrie, Michael Quinlan. Just War; The Just War Tradition: Ethics in Modern Warfare. London, New York and Berlin: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007. Christopher, Paul. The Ethics of War Peace. Uppper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2004. Denson, John V. The Cost of War: Americas Pyrrhic Victories. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publisher, 1997. Grayling, A C. Among the Dead Cities. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2006. Green, Leslie C. The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict. Manchester, Canada: Manchester University Press, 2008. Hastings, Max. Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944-45. Chatham, Kent: Mackays of Chatham plc, 2004. Hippler, Thomas. Bombing the People: Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy, 1884-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 2013. Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs, Detlef Vogel. Germany and the Second World War, Volume VII. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. Johnson, James Turner. Morality and Contemporary Warfare. Binghamton, New York: Yale University Press, 1999. Overy, Richard J. The Air War, 1939-1945. New York: Stein and Day, 1980. Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars. New York: A Member of the Perseus Books Group, 2000. [1] Biddle, (2002), p.215 [2] Denson, (1997) p.352 [3] Walzer, (2000), p.144 [4] Boog et. al, (2006), p.365 [5] Christopher, (2004), p.163 [6] id. [7] Hastings, (2004), p.387 [8] Grayling, (2006), p. 202 [9] Johnson, (1999), p36 [10] Denson, (1997), p.352 [11] Walzer, (2000), p.129 [12] id. [13] Grayling, (2006), p. 227 [14] The National Archives (2008) p.298 [15] Johnson, (1999), p36 [16] Grayling, (2006), p.4 [17] ibid., (2006), p.4 [18] Hipper, (2013), p.170 [19] Grayling, (2006), p.216 [20] Green, (2008), p.17 [21] Hastings, (2004), p.376 [22] Ibid. p. 355 [23] Grayling, (2006), p.224 [24] Hastings, (2004), p. 370 [25] Ibid.378 [26] The National Archives, (2008), p.298

In Search of Excellence: Critique :: essays research papers fc

Peter's & Waterman write of marketing but never refer to the marketing concept. However, is the philosophy of the marketing concept crucial to the theme of the book? Or, is the marketing concept compromised by the authors' interest in a product orientation. The marketing concept's ultimate goal in essence is to satisfy an organisation's clientele, while at the same time enabling the company to survive and prosper. It stresses consumer-orientation in all facets of a company's operation. It also emphasises adoption of a cross-functional perspective so that everyone within the organisation can have some impact on the organisation's success in both the profitability and at the consumer level. (Zikmund / D'Amico 2002) Peters and Waterman's In Search of Excellence: lessons from America's Best Run Companies does adhere to the marketing concept albeit not directly. They strongly support the idea that an organisation is only as good as the people who work within that organisation. Although there is some emphasis on sales and product orientation, much of this stems from the organisation wanting to provide the highest quality product or service for the consumer. Peters & Waterman see excellent companies along the lines of "a sound mind in a healthy body". They acknowledge the need for profit, but see it as secondary to consumer orientation. As expounded by one executive Peters & Waterman spoke to, "Profit is like health. You need it, and the more the better. But it's not why you exist." (Peters & Waterman 1982) The marketing concept is personified in Peters and Waterman's example of Joe Girard who consistently sells twice as many cars in a year than his nearest competitor. His success is put down to the fact that he makes the customer feel that the relationship is not over once the sale has been made. Joe sends Christmas cards, Easter cards and friendly letters, reminding the customer that he cares for them, not only for their money. Whether this is true or not, Joe leaves the customer feeling as if they have made the right choice. And this is, in turn is good for Joe Girard's long term prosperity. (Peters & Waterman 1982) In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies never mentions The Marking Concept, but the underlying principles are still seen in the qualities exhibited by the excellent companies. Fritos-Lay’s dedication to their customers goes above and beyond expectation. Hewlett Packard encourages employees to â€Å"tinker† with other employee’s designs and Disney’s â€Å"Cross Utilisation week† where executives don character costumes or man food stands or rides both illustrate a cross-functional policy.